TRANSNATIONAL ORGANISED CRIME IN INDONESIA: THE NEED FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.blj.2016.003.02.05Keywords:
criminal law, transnational crimeAbstract
This article examines the growing infuence of transnational organised crime on the nations of South East Asia. Human trafficking, maritime piracy, terrorism and wildlife trafficking are major transnational crimes that cause significant harm to both individuals and national economies. This article examines the continuing domestic and international legislative, law enforcement and policy efforts of South East Asian nations to address transnational organised crime. it is concluded that to effectively counter transnational organised crime there is a need to employ international cooperation that is focused on addressing the unique factors of each crime.References
A - Articles/Books/Reports
Ahmad, Abdul Razak, ‘The ASEAN Convention on Counter-Terrorism 2007’ (2013) 14 Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law 93
Atmasasmita, Romli, ‘International Cooperation on Combating Human Trafficking Especially Women and Children: A View from Indonesia’, (2004) 1 Indonesian Journal of International Law 673
Chow, Jonathan ‘ASEAN Counterterrorism Cooperation Since 9/11’ (2005) 45 Asian Survey 302
Hakem, Jeremy, Transnational Crime in the Developing World (Global Financial Integrity, 2011)
King, Lindsey, ‘International Law and Human Trafficking’ (2009) Human Rights & Human Welfare 88, 90 http://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/trafficking/Trafficking.pdf
Kittayakul, Sommal, Progress Report on the Implementation of Revised Thailand’s National Ivory Action Plan for SC66, 66th meeting of the Standing Committee of CITES, SC66 Doc 29 (15 September 2015) annex 8
Kusumaningrum, Adi, ‘The ASEAN Political-Security Community: ASEAN Security Cooperation on Combatting Transnational Crimes’ (2013) Indonesian Journal of International Law 89
Lin, Jolene, ‘Tackling South East Asia’s Illegal Wildlife Trade’ (2005) 9 Singapore Year Book of International Law 191
McFarlane, John, ‘Regional and International Cooperation in Tackling Transnational Crime, Terrorism and the Problems of Disrupted States’ (2005) 12 Journal of Financial Crime 301
Mulyono, Hersapta, ‘Yo Ho Ho and a Bucket of Cash the Need to Enchance [sic] Regional Effort to Combat Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships in South East Asia’ (2015) 12 Indonesian Journal of International Law 60
Mustofa, Muhammad, ‘Bilateral Cooperation Between Indonesia and Malaysia in Combating Transnational Crime’ (2008) 5 Indonesian Journal of International Law 525
Panjabi, Ranee Khooshie Lal, ‘For Trinkets, Tonics, and Terrorism: International Wildlife Poaching in the Twenty-First Century’ (2014) 43 Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 1
Phillips, Kristy, ‘Earth Can’t Bear it: How International Law Fails to Protect the Endangered Malayan Sun Bear’ (2004) 28 Suffolk Transnational law Review 113
Pulungan, Rheny Wahyuni, ‘Enhancing Maritime Security in the Malacca Strait: Cooperation Against Piracy and Maritime Terrorism’ (2010) 7 Indonesian Journal of International Law 300
Roach, Kent, The 9/11 Effect: Comparative Counter-Terrorism (Cambridge University Press, 2011)
Shambaugh, David and Michael Yahuda (eds), International Relations of Asia (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2008)
Sukma, Rizal, ‘The Securitization of Human Trafficking in Indonesia’ (Working Paper, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Singapore, 3 July 2008
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United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Global Report on Trafficking in Persons, (February 2009)
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B – Legislation
Beast of Burden Act B.E. 2482 (1939) (Thailand)
Elephant Ivory Act B.E. 2558 (2015) (Thailand)
Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 21 2007, Law on The Eradication of the Criminal Act of Trafficking in Persons
Wild Animal Reservation and Protection Act (No 3) B.E. 2557 (2014) (Thailand)
C – Treaties
Agreement between the Government of The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and the Government of the United States of America Concerning Maritime Counter-Drug Operations (signed and entered into force 4 March 1996)
Agreement on Information exchange and Establishment of Communication Procedures, Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines (signed and entered into force 7 May 2002)
Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna, opened for signature 3 March 1973, 993 UNTS 244 (entered into force 1 July 1975)
International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism, opened for signature 14 September 2005, 2445 UNTS 89 (entered into force 7 July 2007)
International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings, opened for signature 12 January 1998, 2149 UNTS 256 (entered into force 23 May 2001)
International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, opened for signature 10 January 2000, 2178 UNTS 197 (entered into force 10 April 2002)
Memorandum of Understanding between Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Government of Malaysia on the Recruitment and Placement of Indonesian Domestic Workers, signed 13 May 2006
Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Government of Australia on Combatting International Terrorism, signed February 2002
United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime, GA Res 55/25, UN GAUR, 55th sess, 62nd plen mtg, Agenda Item 105, Supp No 49, UN Doc A/RES/55/25 (15 November 2000)
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United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, opened for signature 10 December 1982, 1833 UNTS 3 (entered into force 16 November 1994)
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, opened for signature 23 May 1969, 1115 UNTS 331 (entered into force 27 January 1980)
D – Other
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ASEAN Statement on CITES, 13th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to CITES (11 October 2004) http://www.asean.org/?static_post=asean-statement-on-cites
ASEAN Wildlife Enforcement Network, Action Update for the Year 2012 Law Enforcement Actions in South East Asia to Protect Threatened Flora and Fauna (2012) < http://www.asean-wen.org/index.php/reports-publications/file/53-asean-wen-action-update-summary-2012>
ASEAN Wildlife Enforcement Network, What is ASEAN-WEN? (2015) http://www.asean-wen.org/ index.php/about-us/what-is-asean-wen
Australian Federal Police, Submission No 62 to Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, Inquiry into Australia’s Relations with Indonesia, November 2002
Betz, Diana, ‘Human Trafficking in South East Asia: Causes and Policy Implications (Master’s Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, 2009) 64
Interpretation and Implementation of the Convention – Species Trade and Conservation: Elephants, 65th meeting of the Standing Committee of CITES, SC65 Com 7 (11 July 2014) https://cites.org/sites/default/files/ eng/com/sc/65/com/E-SC65-Com-07.pdf
National Ivory Action Plans, 64th meeting of the Standing Committee of CITES, SC64 Doc 2 (14 March 2013) https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/com/sc/64/E-SC64-02.pdf
Operation Cobra II, ‘African, Asian and North American Law Enforcement Officers Team up to Apprehend Wildlife Criminals’ (Press Release, 10 February 2014) https://cites.org/sites/default/files/ eng/news/sundry/ 2014/operation_cobra_ii_pr.pdf
United Arab Emirates National Committee to Combat Human Trafficking, UAE, Indonesia to Sign MoU on Anti-Human Trafficking (13 September 2015) http://www.nccht.gov.ae/ default.aspx? PageId=66&EventID=2
Zeldin, Wendy, Indonesia; Taiwan: Agreement to Combat Human Trafficking (October 5 2012) Library of Congress <http://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/indonesia-taiwan-agreement-to-combat-human-trafficking/>
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